Electrical activity of the heart
The emergence of electric potentials in cardiac muscle is associated with the movement of ions across its cell membrane. The main role is played by the cations sodium and potassium. At rest, the outer surface of myocardial cells is positively charged, and the interior - in the negative. Under these conditions, the cell is polarized, and the potential difference is not detected. However, before cutting the heart muscle, it is excited at this time of changing physical and chemical properties of the cell membrane of muscle fibers, the ionic composition of extracellular and intracellular fluid, which is accompanied by the appearance of an electric current.
To heart beats rhythmically, it must have a pacemaker (a cell or group of cells of the excitable tissue capable of generating rhythmic excitation pulses that propagate to other cells) as well as the subsequent means of these pulses. The main pacemaker of the heart - sinoatrial node, a minor - atrioventricular node, transmitting the excitement of the sinoatrial brand name viagra node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle branch block). The latter further divided accordingly ventricle to the left and right legs. After the pulse in all these ways, and the excitation of all parts of the heart electrical processes undergo a "reverse development" and "electric" state of the heart returns to its original position.
The principle of electrocardiography
Body tissues have a high electrical conductivity, which allows registration of electrical potentials of the heart from the body by applying electrodes to the outlet of its specific parts. This method is called electrocardiography.
ECG carried out using a special device - an electrocardiograph. In this case, the electrical potentials originating in the heart and perceived electrodes, amplified 600-700 times and drive the galvanometer fluctuations which are recorded as a curve on a moving belt. In clinical practice, uses 12 conventional leads of the electrodes: 6 from the upper and lower extremities, and 6 infants. They reflect the electrical activity of different parts of the heart.
ECG is a graph with the teeth.
Barb P corresponds to the excitation of the atria, the segment PQ - pulse delay between the atria and ventricles, the complex QRS - ventricular excitation, the segment ST - the period of full coverage of the excitation of the ventricles, prong T - the process of restoring the original building in myocardial cells, the segment TR - diastole (relaxation of the heart muscle ).
The order of the electrocardiographic study
ECG recording performed with the patient lying on his back, which allows for maximum relaxation of muscles after 10-15-minute rest and not earlier than 2 hours after meals. Before examining the patient undressed to the waist, legs and should be released from clothing, because the electrodes should be placed in direct contact with the skin.
Explanation ECG
For competent interpretation of ECG is necessary to know the nature of each of its teeth, spacing between teeth and teeth of a package of the cardiac cycle, as well as the nature of the relationship of the curves at different leads. Therefore, deciphering the ECG should be performed only by a person with experience of similar work.
With the ECG diagnose diseases of the heart muscle (myocarditis, coronary heart disease, hypertrophy, and myocardial infarction), evaluate the heart rate (normally 60-80 beats a minute) and can detect violations of an electrical pulse to the heart conduction system - cardiac arrhythmia. In severe arrhythmias (blockade of the third degree) is shown pacing, and in the future - implantation of an artificial pacemaker.
Variants of electrocardiographic studies
ECG - is quite simple, but informative study, which included a minimum of a survey of patients. But sometimes the diagnosis is not enough to remove a normal ECG. In this case, the doctor may find it useful to conduct functional tests or daily monitoring.
Functional tests with physical exertion or the use of special medicines can detect violations, which, for various reasons could not be detected in normal electrocardiographic study (latent failure of blood supply the heart muscle, irregular rhythm disturbances). Currently the most widely used test with measured physical load on the cycle ergometer (bike) or treadmill (treadmill).
ECG, taken Viagra is relationships tablet during the day, is called "daily monitoring" or "Holter monitoring. To this end, a miniature ECG machine with electrodes attached to the patient's body. Within days, he leads a normal life for him, but makes the blog entries where noted, all events occurred during the day. Daily monitoring allows us not only to identify transient disturbances of heart rhythm and ischemic changes, but also link them with the appearance of any events (physical activity, psychological experiences), with a time of day.
In some cases, to diagnose heart disease other than ECG doctor may order an ultrasound study - echocardiography. This method makes it possible to "see" the heart, to estimate the thickness of its walls and their ability to contract, the state of the valves and blood flow. There are other methods of heart, some of which are very complex and, therefore, conducted only in research centers.
середа, 29 грудня 2010 р.
понеділок, 27 грудня 2010 р.
How wonderful
Let us be afraid of right!
About the Infectious Diseases Hospital
Hospital, no matter how wonderful it was, in principle, is not conducive to the emergence of positive emotions in an ordinary citizen of our country. As for hospital infection, it goes above phrase often causes popliteal tremor. And all the fear - even those whose nervous system has survived, despite the reconstruction and construction of the era of independence.
And this is not entirely surprising, since the adjective "infection" is equivalent to the household level noun "contagion." Scary Association sweep in the minds of men if necessary, put her child in the infectious diseases hospital or meet there yourself: cholera and typhoid barracks, the plague destroyed the once half the population of Europe, smallpox, desolating the city, doctors suicide in gas masks, etc.
The author is, frankly, understands the fears of the population. I remember, as a student had the opportunity brand name viagra first to get to classes at the STI hospital. Basic feelings are two: firstly, the persistence of itch and, secondly, the inner conviction that any attempt at procreation are allowed only by budding. But with the accumulation of information and itching, and the desire to undergo budding.
With an infectious hospital situation is similar, since the vast majority of fears absolutely groundless and born general lack of understanding of elementary things. By and large, to eradicate this can only be taught in high school, elementary foundations of medicine, but ... All are faced with colds and chicken pox, having no idea about what it is, and at the same time exploring all the sines and cosines, but face them unit.
So, let's try to deal with fears by persistent Mastering knowledge.
First of all, pay attention to the principal, and by and large, the main fear - fear of anything catching, because it is the fear of contracting, distinguishes infectious diseases hospital from all others.
Note that the amount of volatile infections, ie, those that are transmitted through the air quickly and over long distances is very small. This is, firstly, three well-known childhood diseases - measles, rubella and chickenpox, and secondly, terribly horrible plague and smallpox natural. I bring to the attention of very timid countrymen that smallpox in the world for several decades was not observed (even vaccinations stopped doing it), and the plague - it's the sort of thing that if it appears in the form of an epidemic, it will not be much difference between the infectious diseases hospital and your apartment in a nine-storied.
Now about the measles, chickenpox and rubella. In the infectious diseases hospital, these diseases are treated fairly rare, because the flow is usually easy, do not require a particularly complex therapies, and quite happily come to an end at home. If the patient still gets to the hospital, then it is placed in special wards (infectious diseases hospitals in the House called boxes). Feature of these houses is that each has a separate entrance to the street and hermetically isolated from the hospital corridors. Thus, adult or child, found himself in the hallway of infectious hospital, unable to communicate with patients who have one of these volatile infections.
Incidentally, Division of Infectious hospitals have a clear specialization depends on the way to possible contamination, and methods of, by and large just two - drop (ie, through the air, and is usually found in the throat, bronchi and lungs) and intestinal or so called the fecal-oral (ie, through the mouth is affected, usually the stomach and intestines).
For infection, droplet infection, which is diphtheria, whooping cough, scarlet fever, sore throat, some meningitis and something else must be, above all, a fairly close contact with ill persons (a distance of 1, maximum 2 meters) and the active exchange of views, accompanied by obtselovyvaniem, obkashlivaniem and spraying saliva interlocutor. For intestinal infections - a terrible cholera, a little less scary, but also very nasty dysentery, salmonellosis, viral hepatitis (jaundice) requires that the infectious agent got into your mouth. To achieve this it is easy - you can, again, kissed the sick, to eat with him from the same dish, you can forget about the soap to wash hands.
Once again I draw your attention: we are not talking about how to avoid, in principle, an infectious disease, but a completely normal human fear regarding the possibility of infection at admission to the infectious diseases hospital or when visiting her. Solemnly assure readers that never, under any circumstances can not be a situation in which one ward medical staff consciously will put patients with various infectious diseases.
Contracting infectious diseases hospital in two ways: 1) when the unit is not observed discipline and visitors clearly do not like communicating through a window, and 2) when the lack of basic sanitation and hygiene practices, manifested in Viagra a preface lack of understanding of the need to wash their hands and eat from separate dishes.
By and large, the very notion of Infectious Diseases Hospital is very conditional. Look back at the sides - it appears that most of the hospital every now and treating infectious diseases is! Everything pneumonia, colds and bronchitis. Tonsillitis and sinusitis, which treat otolaryngologists. Encephalitis, of which saves neurologists. Purulent surgery. Inflammatory diseases, which are struggling gynecologists. And at the heart of ulcers and gastritis are also bacteria. Of tuberculosis and sexually transmitted infection clinics, we do not speak.
The only difference is that the numerous micro-organisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi, etc.) with respect to some diseases are easily transmitted from person to person, and for other infectious, much less.
First treated in the Infectious Diseases Hospital, the latter - in all others. But have no fear and know and understand that the ways of preventing infectious diseases is highly desirable in life, become absolutely indispensable for the appropriate treatment in the infectious diseases hospital or at her visit.
Incidentally, it should be noted that any fear, from the standpoint of common sense, must be implemented by concrete actions. If we are so afraid of infectious diseases hospital, so let's try not to get into it - vaccinations do not have that whatever and wherever bought, time to seek medical help, remember about safe sex, wash their hands properly store food, etc., and etc.
In short, let us be afraid of right - not hospitals and doctors, and their own laziness and ignorance!
And yet, it is very important.
Some infectious diseases occur in the currently relatively rare, and doctors who are not working in isolation hospital constantly, absolutely no experience in their diagnosis - take, for example, the same diphtheria. We must not forget that the major infectious diseases are very dynamic - it will not diabetes or cholecystitis, where the same symptoms can occur for years. Infections, especially in children, disease manifestation may change several times during the day, requiring appropriate correction of therapeutic measures. And no wonder that the district pediatrician or therapist is simply unable to carry out proper treatment at home - not because I do not know how, but because it can not physically. So do not neglect the focus to the hospital for a consultation or hospitalization, be wise.
And once again I ask - afraid right!
About the Infectious Diseases Hospital
Hospital, no matter how wonderful it was, in principle, is not conducive to the emergence of positive emotions in an ordinary citizen of our country. As for hospital infection, it goes above phrase often causes popliteal tremor. And all the fear - even those whose nervous system has survived, despite the reconstruction and construction of the era of independence.
And this is not entirely surprising, since the adjective "infection" is equivalent to the household level noun "contagion." Scary Association sweep in the minds of men if necessary, put her child in the infectious diseases hospital or meet there yourself: cholera and typhoid barracks, the plague destroyed the once half the population of Europe, smallpox, desolating the city, doctors suicide in gas masks, etc.
The author is, frankly, understands the fears of the population. I remember, as a student had the opportunity brand name viagra first to get to classes at the STI hospital. Basic feelings are two: firstly, the persistence of itch and, secondly, the inner conviction that any attempt at procreation are allowed only by budding. But with the accumulation of information and itching, and the desire to undergo budding.
With an infectious hospital situation is similar, since the vast majority of fears absolutely groundless and born general lack of understanding of elementary things. By and large, to eradicate this can only be taught in high school, elementary foundations of medicine, but ... All are faced with colds and chicken pox, having no idea about what it is, and at the same time exploring all the sines and cosines, but face them unit.
So, let's try to deal with fears by persistent Mastering knowledge.
First of all, pay attention to the principal, and by and large, the main fear - fear of anything catching, because it is the fear of contracting, distinguishes infectious diseases hospital from all others.
Note that the amount of volatile infections, ie, those that are transmitted through the air quickly and over long distances is very small. This is, firstly, three well-known childhood diseases - measles, rubella and chickenpox, and secondly, terribly horrible plague and smallpox natural. I bring to the attention of very timid countrymen that smallpox in the world for several decades was not observed (even vaccinations stopped doing it), and the plague - it's the sort of thing that if it appears in the form of an epidemic, it will not be much difference between the infectious diseases hospital and your apartment in a nine-storied.
Now about the measles, chickenpox and rubella. In the infectious diseases hospital, these diseases are treated fairly rare, because the flow is usually easy, do not require a particularly complex therapies, and quite happily come to an end at home. If the patient still gets to the hospital, then it is placed in special wards (infectious diseases hospitals in the House called boxes). Feature of these houses is that each has a separate entrance to the street and hermetically isolated from the hospital corridors. Thus, adult or child, found himself in the hallway of infectious hospital, unable to communicate with patients who have one of these volatile infections.
Incidentally, Division of Infectious hospitals have a clear specialization depends on the way to possible contamination, and methods of, by and large just two - drop (ie, through the air, and is usually found in the throat, bronchi and lungs) and intestinal or so called the fecal-oral (ie, through the mouth is affected, usually the stomach and intestines).
For infection, droplet infection, which is diphtheria, whooping cough, scarlet fever, sore throat, some meningitis and something else must be, above all, a fairly close contact with ill persons (a distance of 1, maximum 2 meters) and the active exchange of views, accompanied by obtselovyvaniem, obkashlivaniem and spraying saliva interlocutor. For intestinal infections - a terrible cholera, a little less scary, but also very nasty dysentery, salmonellosis, viral hepatitis (jaundice) requires that the infectious agent got into your mouth. To achieve this it is easy - you can, again, kissed the sick, to eat with him from the same dish, you can forget about the soap to wash hands.
Once again I draw your attention: we are not talking about how to avoid, in principle, an infectious disease, but a completely normal human fear regarding the possibility of infection at admission to the infectious diseases hospital or when visiting her. Solemnly assure readers that never, under any circumstances can not be a situation in which one ward medical staff consciously will put patients with various infectious diseases.
Contracting infectious diseases hospital in two ways: 1) when the unit is not observed discipline and visitors clearly do not like communicating through a window, and 2) when the lack of basic sanitation and hygiene practices, manifested in Viagra a preface lack of understanding of the need to wash their hands and eat from separate dishes.
By and large, the very notion of Infectious Diseases Hospital is very conditional. Look back at the sides - it appears that most of the hospital every now and treating infectious diseases is! Everything pneumonia, colds and bronchitis. Tonsillitis and sinusitis, which treat otolaryngologists. Encephalitis, of which saves neurologists. Purulent surgery. Inflammatory diseases, which are struggling gynecologists. And at the heart of ulcers and gastritis are also bacteria. Of tuberculosis and sexually transmitted infection clinics, we do not speak.
The only difference is that the numerous micro-organisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi, etc.) with respect to some diseases are easily transmitted from person to person, and for other infectious, much less.
First treated in the Infectious Diseases Hospital, the latter - in all others. But have no fear and know and understand that the ways of preventing infectious diseases is highly desirable in life, become absolutely indispensable for the appropriate treatment in the infectious diseases hospital or at her visit.
Incidentally, it should be noted that any fear, from the standpoint of common sense, must be implemented by concrete actions. If we are so afraid of infectious diseases hospital, so let's try not to get into it - vaccinations do not have that whatever and wherever bought, time to seek medical help, remember about safe sex, wash their hands properly store food, etc., and etc.
In short, let us be afraid of right - not hospitals and doctors, and their own laziness and ignorance!
And yet, it is very important.
Some infectious diseases occur in the currently relatively rare, and doctors who are not working in isolation hospital constantly, absolutely no experience in their diagnosis - take, for example, the same diphtheria. We must not forget that the major infectious diseases are very dynamic - it will not diabetes or cholecystitis, where the same symptoms can occur for years. Infections, especially in children, disease manifestation may change several times during the day, requiring appropriate correction of therapeutic measures. And no wonder that the district pediatrician or therapist is simply unable to carry out proper treatment at home - not because I do not know how, but because it can not physically. So do not neglect the focus to the hospital for a consultation or hospitalization, be wise.
And once again I ask - afraid right!
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